Robotic automation isn't a new concept. In the 1936 movie Modern Times, Charlie Chaplin was already using it to make a commentary on post-Great Depression industrialization.
To improve productivity in the factory where Chaplin's labor is being exploited, a manager plucks him from the assembly line to test a robotic feeding machine. They strap Chaplin to a rotating table that automatically crams a bowl of soup, bites of bread, and a rotating ear of corn in his face. As anyone who's ever seen a Charlie Chaplin movie could predict, the machine malfunctions and slams a pie in his face, then repeatedly batters him with a sponge designed to clean his very tiny mustache.
Today, robotic process automation is conceptually more or less the same as Chaplin's vision—just with (usually) less pie.Â
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Robotic process automation meaning
Robotic process automation is a technology that uses virtual bots to execute repetitive, rules-based tasks that humans would otherwise handle. RPA can handle data entry and extraction, moving files, system integration, and much more.
The robots in RPA technology aren't like that feeding machine from Modern Times—they're software bots that can observe and record human actions and then repeat them exactly as programmed. These bots interact with applications just like humans do: clicking buttons, typing data, copying and pasting information, and moving files around. They can work with any graphical user interface (GUI) that human users can, whether it's a modern web app or a legacy system from a bygone era.
The magic happens through a three-part process:
The bot captures and interprets the actions needed for a task, like logging in to an application or collecting data.
It processes that information using conditional logic.
It communicates with other systems to execute the actions, whether that's entering data into a CRM or generating reports from multiple sources.
It's worth noting that RPA isn't the same as workflow automation. Workflow automation can connect tech stacks and systems via integrations or APIs, move data, and automate tasks; RPA works by mimicking a human's clicks and keystrokes on the screen. You can use RPA in conjunction with workflow automation and AI tools, but RPA is its own separate technological beast.
Learn more about workflow automation in Zapier's quick-start guide.
Types of RPA
Robotic process automation is one unified technology, but you can use it in three different ways.
Attended RPA works alongside humans to solve tasks in real time. Typically, a user will trigger attended RPA on their computer as they work through an assignment, like a customer service issue or an IT outage. RPA bots will go out and gather information or complete simple steps, while the human user can focus on the meat and potatoes of the job.Â
Unattended RPA lets the bots roam free and operate without human intervention. Users will first need to create predefined rules and triggers for the RPA; once that's established, the bot can work independently on tasks like data entry, application integrations, running payroll, and processing invoices.
Hybrid RPA is—as you'd expect—a combination of attended and unattended approaches. The bot splits its time between working independently and supplementing human users with key information. An example of this is the loan approval process. A loan officer could trigger a bot to verify customer information in real time while the officer reviews the application; once the officer submits the application, the bot can work unattended behind the scenes to process documents and update internal data.
Benefits of RPA
Bringing robotic process automation to your organization can do a whole lot more for you than comically symbolize the shortcomings and humanitarian dangers of industrialization, as it did for Charlie Chaplin. It can also lead to:
Reduced overhead: Cut down on labor and implementation expenses by using one piece of software to bring robotic automation to multiple processes.
Increased efficiency: Taking hours of repetitive work off your team's plate will help them get through essential tasks more effectively.
Greater scalability: Since it's highly iterative and rooted in scalable software, robotic automation can grow with you.
Fewer human errors: Automation does the same task the same way every time according to the rules you set, virtually eliminating human errors.
Improved employee happiness: Many employees enjoy being freed from the kinds of tedious tasks that robotic automation is designed to handle.
More fluid customer experience: Since automated processes are performed the same way every time, customers get timely, predictable responses.
Better compliance: Stay compliant by automating reporting or sending automatic notifications to relevant team members.
RPA use cases
Need ideas for how to use robotic process automation for your business or organization? Here are six hypothetical examples that showcase the potential of automating high-volume repetitive tasks.
Finance
A finance department uses RPA to handle invoice processing. The bots extract key data from PDF invoices, enter them into the company ERP system, and route them for payment approvals without needing API connections. With the bots working tirelessly in the background, the finance team can focus on strategic tasks like forecasting and risk analysis instead of clerical work.
Manufacturing
A manufacturing plant utilizes RPA to act as the ultimate multitasker. The automation software monitors inventory levels in a legacy system, automatically generating purchase orders for raw materials when stock falls below a defined threshold. At the same time, it scrapes production schedules from spreadsheets and updates the scheduling system to optimize machine usage. During quality control, the bots process data from sensors on the production line to identify defects and compile reports for the operations team.
Healthcare compliance
Using RPA, a large healthcare organization automates monitoring and risk assessment to maintain compliance. Their bots monitor employee reporting logs and automatically identify potential compliance issues by vetting them against pre-established compliant processes. The bots notify relevant employees with times, missing actions, and potentially non-compliant entries.
Billing
A growing SaaS company uses RPA to automate and optimize their billing process. Using RPA technology, they can automatically notify users about upcoming payments, lock accounts with missed payments, and even suggest trials of package upgrades. The software compiles billing information into reports and identifies revenue trends.
How RPA has changed over time
Robots have come a long way from slamming pie in Charlie Chaplin's face. Technology that was once reserved for culinary assembly lines has turned into advanced tools that can run your systems autonomously. Here's a quick snapshot of how RPA has evolved.
First-wave RPA: Basic automations
Early RPA in the 2010s focused almost exclusively on the mind-numbing repetitive tasks that humans couldn't take anymore—data entry, form completions, and the like. In this era, teams started to use attended, unattended, and hybrid RPA on a limited basis.Â
Second-wave RPA: AI-powered automations
As the decade progressed, the next iteration of RPA introduced AI-powered automations into the mix. Teams started to use RPA in conjunction with machine learning, workflow automation, enterprise automation, and generative AI to build more complex systems. Organizations could deploy bots to complete tasks, and gen AI could step in to relay information and keep bots working—a step that previously needed human oversight.Â
Third-wave RPA: Agentic automations
In the past few years, RPA has gone through another transformation in the form of agentic automations. Agentic AI is a system of AI agents that collaborate to achieve complex goals by planning, making decisions, adapting to new information, and performing multiple interrelated tasks across systems.
In the context of RPA, agentic AI can step in to handle sophisticated problem-solving workflows to keep projects on track and can receive and send information to RPAs. This creates an even more autonomous system that promotes end-to-end problem solving with minimal human intervention.
RPA integration guide
Implementing RPA isn't as simple as setting up common software solutions like basic email automation. You may want to look into RPA certification courses or hiring a certified professional if you don't have developers with RPA training.
Once you have your IT team in order, take these steps to launch your RPA solution.
Identify a repetitive task: The key to unlocking RPA is applying it to a task that's performed often and requires a low level of skill, creativity, attention, or problem solving.
Consult relevant teams: To get the most out of robotic automation, get input from every team and every team member related to that process. Note any friction points or suggestions from those who perform the relevant tasks, hand the process off, or receive the process from another team member.
List the steps involved: Using team member input, list out every step involved in executing the process. Include actions that trigger the process and actions triggered by completing it.
Select an RPA tool: As with any software, RPA tools come in a wide variety of packages with unique strengths and weaknesses. Check with your IT team to find one that can meet your unique automation needs.
Develop the process: Coordinate development with your internal IT team or external RPA professional to put the automation sequence into action.
Test and retest: Once the process is in place, have your teams test it by simulating the process from start to finish. Have multiple people try it as if they were the end-user.
Fine-tune the process: Once you have input from multiple people giving front-end and back-end perspectives, incorporate their notes to make necessary tweaks to improve the process.
Integrate the process: When your team is satisfied with the automation process and it's gone through enough testing to show consistent results, put it into action and start looking for another opportunity for RPA.
What are the challenges of RPA?
Before diving into RPA, it's important to understand what you might be up against.
Added complexity: There's no question that RPA is more complex than your average productivity tool. While basic workflow automation might be as simple as connecting two apps, RPA often requires specialized knowledge and expertise. You may need new hires or more training to implement it effectively.
Ongoing IT needs: Think of RPA like adopting a terrier—once it's part of your organization, you need to be prepared for the long-term commitment. Once you start RPA, you'll need to make sure your IT team is equipped to maintain it for the long haul.
Impacts on internal structure: When you introduce RPA, you're essentially reshuffling the deck of workplace responsibilities. Some roles might see their routine tasks automated away, while others might need to take on new, more strategic responsibilities. This shift can lead to organizational restructuring—something that requires careful planning and clear communication.
Impacts on internal culture: Since RPA can affect role responsibilities and comes with a learning curve for those who use it, it can bring a shift in attitudes and working relationships. Managing these cultural shifts requires thoughtful change management and open dialogue.
What to look for in RPA software
RPA products can be complex to deploy, and undoing them can be even more complex if you decide to switch to another one. Test features and consult with your teams to make sure you pick one that both meets their needs and fits into your existing ecosystem.Â
Coding level: Some options require more complex coding than others, which could be a pro or a con, depending on your needs and dev capabilities.
Integrability with current ecosystem: Consider how the product's features and requirements will fit into your current software ecosystem, including whether it's compatible with the various file types and unstructured data you rely on.
Available features: Are you looking to transfer data across apps, scrape website data, deploy chatbots, integrate email automation, or all the above? Make sure your chosen product has the features you're looking for.
Scalability: As your business continues to grow, your RPA solution should keep up. Consider what features you may need in the future and be as sure as you can be that your product is equipped to meet your long-term goals.
Attended or unattended utility: Do you need software that runs only when you need to deploy it, or would you get more out of software that responds automatically to set triggers?
Machine learning capabilities: If your automation needs require machine learning models to do things like analyze unstructured data or reach hyperautomation status, explore this feature in-depth.
Cost structure: Pricing models can vary as widely as the products themselves. Some may charge by user, others have flat per-bot fees, some charge for licensing, and some may have a combination of all the above.
Automate more processes with Zapier
With RPA, you can build an army of bots that can eliminate repetitive tasks and bring order to your organizational assembly line. But sometimes, you'll be better served with workflow automation instead.
Zapier is an AI orchestration platform that can make automation as clean as Charlie Chaplin's robotically dabbed mustache. With it, you can build no-code workflows that link to your entire tech stack, synchronize data throughout your entire organization, and create complex workflows.
Zapier is the most connected AI orchestration platform—integrating with thousands of apps from partners like Google, Salesforce, and Microsoft. Use forms, data tables, and logic to build secure, automated, AI-powered systems for your business-critical workflows across your organization's technology stack. Learn more.
FAQ about RPA
What is RPA?
Robotic process automation (RPA) is a productivity tactic that uses AI or machine learning to handle repetitive and/or low-level tasks for human workers. RPA can free up time and reduce frustration by automatically completing basic processes so people can dedicate time to higher-level tasks.
What is an RPA example?
A common example of robotic process automation is using an RPA product to automatically migrate or transfer data from sources like web forms, emails, or other documents. Through AI, the product selectively scrapes only relevant data, writes relevant code, and then populates a table with the data. Without RPA, a human would have to sift through, then copy and paste or drag and drop this data manually.
What are some recent innovations in RPA technology?
A few recent innovations in RPA technology include:
Intelligent orchestration: Advanced, multi-bot workflows that coordinate tasks across complicated projects
Embedded AI: RPA platforms that can integrate with AI and machine learning tools to build complex systems
Citizen developers: Low-code and no-code RPA interfaces that allow non-technical users to build and manage their own RPAs
Integrations: Combining RPA with other tools and technologies to expand on capabilities and build interlinked systems
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This article was originally published in January 2023 and has also had contributions from Allisa Boulette and Ben Lyso. The most recent update was in January 2026.
